A STUDY OF DEFOR~ATrON AND FRACTURE PROCESSES IN A LOW-ALLOY STEEL BY ACOUSTIC EMISSION TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
نویسنده
چکیده
-A broad-band acoustic emission detection system has been used to record the transient surface displacements due to the release of elastic waves during deformation and fracture of EN3OA. a low-alloy steel. Acoustic emission signals were recorded from material tested in the quenched, tempered and temper-embrittled conditions: Tests were also performed upon material which had been hydrogen charged prior to testing. The specimens which fractured by ductile mechanisms generated acoustic emission transients with shorter measured risetimes on average than those which fractured by a brittle intergranular mechanism induced by hydrogen. The risetimes of the transient displacements have been tentatively interpreted in terms of source lifetimes. whilst their amplitudes have been related to source arcas, and hence their time derivatives to source velocities. The results suggest that the emission from the quenched material is related to the fast shear of interinclusion ligaments. while the source during intergranular fracture is most probably brain-boundary decohesion over areas of one to five grain facets. Source identification in the temper-embrittled material is less certain because of secondary intergranular cracking in an otherwise ductile fracture. RCsumk--Nous avons utilisi’ un systkme de dttection d%mission acoustique $ large bande pour enregistrer les dGplacements superficiels transitoires dus a I’tmission d’ondes ilastiques au tours de la deformation et de la rupture d’un acier f~libiement allid EN30A. Nous avons enregistre les signaux d’emission acoustique dans le cas de rnat~riallx trempi-s. revenus. ou fragilis&. Nous avons egalement etleciut des essais sur des mati-riaux pr&ablement charges en hydrogene. Les temps de montke des 6missions acoustiques transitoires des Cchantillons dont la rupture ttait ductile &Gent infirieurs en moyennc B ceux des echantillons dent la rupture intergranulaire fragile 6tait causee par I’hydrogkne. On a essaq& d’interpretcr les temps de montCe des dCplacements transitoires 2i partir de la duree de vie des sources. alors que I’on a relit! leur amplitude ;i la surface des sources. et done leur dCriv6e par rapport au temps ;I la vitesse des sources. Les r&hats donnent d penser que l’6mission dans materiaux tremptis provient du cisaillement rapide de ligaments reliant les inclusions. alors que dans le cas de la rupture intergranulaire elle provient vraisemblablement de la d&oh& sion intergranulaire suivant une B cinq facettes. identification des sources dans les matCriaux fragilists est moins sire, B cause de la fiss~lration intergranulaire secondaire dans un matiriau yui prksenterait ~lutrement tine rupture ductile. Zusammeufassung--Mit einem breibandigen System zur Aufnahme akustischer Erscheinungen wurden die transienten OberflBchenverschiebungen. erzeugt durch elastische Wellen wHhrend der Verformung und des Bruches in niedrig legiertem Stahl EN30A. untersucht. Die Signale wurden an Materinlien aufgenommen, die abgeschreckt. getempert und temperverspriidet waren. Versuche wurden such an Material durchgefiihrt, welches vor der Messung mit Wasserstoff beladen worden war. Proben, die iiber duktile Mechanismen brechen. erzeugten transiente akustische Ereignisse mit kiirzeren mjttleren Anstiegszeiten als diejenigen. die iiber einen vom Wasserstoff verursachten intergranularen SprGdbruch brachen. Die Anstiegszeiten der Verschieb~jngstransienten werden versuchsweise mit Lebensdailern von Quellen interpretiert. wohingegen deren Amplituden auf die Quellbereiche bezogen wet-den. demzufoige deren Zeitableitungen auf die Quellgeschwindigkeiten. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, da8 die Schaliemission der abgeschreckten Proben mit der schnellen Scherung van BBndern zwischen Einschliissen zusammenhingt. wohingegen die Quellen wlhrend des intergranularen Bruchs sehr wahrscheinlich in Abliisung en an Korngrenzen ijber Bereiche von I bis 5 Korngrenzfdcetten betehen. Die Bestimmung der Quellart in dem tempervcrspriideten Material ist weniger sicher wegen der sekundlren intergranularen RiBbildung beim sonst duktilen Bruch. INTRODUCTION waves [l-5] which radiate from regions of rapid strain relaxation. When these elastic waves reach the During the deformation and fracture of crystalline surface of a body they cause displacements that can materials. the elastic strain energy, stored within a be detected by sensitive transducers and are called solid under load, can be released in a number of ways. acoustic emissions. One part is dissipated in the form of elastic There have been many studies of acoustic emission
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